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For any given geometry of blade-type structure with desired outer-surface shape that may be determined by a CFD software for desired performance for thermal and fluid flows, a three-dimensional solid of the blade is converted into a CAD file. An optimization process is then designed to produce optimal interior structure of the blade that follows the proposed step-by-step procedure, considering both the pressure on the outer surface and centrifugal forces produced by the rotational movements of the blade. The optimized blade will be hollow with minimum materials needed to take the pressure loading on the outer skin of the blade and the centrifugal force.  3D printers were used to produce the optimized blades.

Optimization procedure, FEM, engine blade, topology optimization, hollow blade, centrifugal force